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Cash Management and Demand. 527: Mergers and Acquisitions in. 539: Innovations in Products. Management of Banking and Financial Services Padmalatha Suresh, Justin Paul No preview available. Management of Banking and Financial Services, 4/e. Management Of Banking And Financial Services (EDN 3) by Suresh/Paul and a great. Of Banking and Financial Serv by Padmalatha Suresh Justin Paul.
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Author: Awais Ahmad Investment/Market Portfolio: When an investor invests in multiple stocks/securities, it is called Investment Portfolio. Maintaining a Portfolio is a very important step taken by investors. By maintaining a Portfolio, Risk can be mitigated / minimized by maintaining a portfolio and higher margins of profits can be earned. In this case, if one stock/security defaults, it does not necessarily mean Investor is also in loss.
Instead, investor can compensate the loss of one stock from other stocks/securities. 5 shows how maintaining a Portfolio minimizes the Portfolio Risk. Fig shows that Portfolio size is taken on x-axis and portfolio risk on y-axis, which results a curved graph. Classification of Investors: Investors can be classified on the basis of their risk-taking/bearing capacity. How much risk an investor bears, depends on investor’s personal capacity, attitude, interest and behavior.
For example:. 1. Risk Seekers Risk seekers seek for riskier investment. They are capable of assuming a higher risk and have strong and healthy financial position.
Risk Avoiders They avoid riskier investments, because they have not strong and healthy financial position. They choose those instruments, which have less variation in returns. Risk Bearers Risk bearers fall in between the above categories.
They choose moderate levels of risk they can bear according to their capacity. Hedging: Risk reduction is known as Hedging. They do it by using Derivative Instruments.
Security: A Security refers to a publicly traded financial instrument, as opposed to a privately placed instrument. Securities have greater liquidity than otherwise similar instruments, which are not traded in Open Market. Security is considered to be an insurance against an emergency, according to banking definitions. Classification of Securities: The securities have been classified according to the functional operation aspects as under:.
1. Intangible Securities These are personal exclusive undertakings by a party to pay the amount of advances outstanding against a borrower. Examples of such securities are Demand Promissory Note, bill of exchange or a Bond, Guarantee and Indemnity etc. Tangible Securities These are the securities which can be realized from sale or transfer. Examples of such securities are Shares, Stock, Land, Building and Goods.
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Prime Securities These are also called Primary Securities. Such securities are main covers for an advance and are deposited by the borrower himself. When a depositor of term deposits offers his Term Deposit Receipt to cover and advance, it is the Primary Security according to banking term. Collateral Securities These are the securities provided as an additional cover for an advance, where either he security is not very stable in value, or where the realization of the security to cover the outstanding amount of balance is difficult. In case of the default by borrower, bank has the authority to sell these shares of security and adjust the advance. Movable Securities These are the securities, which are legally and physically both in possession of the lending bank.
Examples are Term Deposit Receipts, Goods, Vehicles and Merchandise etc. Immovable Securities These are the securities, where the legal possession or right to takeover is entrusted to the lending bank, but the physical possession remains with borrowers. Government Securities These are the long-term securities issued by the government for financing social programs. They are perceived as Risk-free, are highly liquid and carry attractive coupon rates. Like T-bills (Treasury Bills), government securities are sold through auctions and are actively traded in secondary markets. Time Value of Money: The theory of Time Value of Money states that the value of money decreases with the passage of time.
This concept can be described as “A Dollar in hand today is more worth of a Dollar tomorrow”. This happens because of Inflation.
Inflation is a situation, where the prices as a whole are increasing. The rate at which the prices are increase is known as Inflation Rate. Two terms are necessary to explain while discussing Inflation and theory of Time Value of Money:. 1. Nominal Interest Rate/Quoted Interest Rate: Nominal Interest Rate is a rate at which money invested grows. Banks generally offer Nominal Rate of Interest to the depositors. Real Interest Rate Real Interest is a rate, at which the purchasing power of an investment increases.
Market Interest Rates are Nominal Interest Rates. Relationship of Inflation, Nominal and Real Interest Rates: Real Interest Rates, Nominal Interested Rates and Inflation Rates have strong relationship with each other, which can be expressed in the form of an equation: The above equation shows that if Inflation Rate increases, then Real Interest Rate decreases and vice versa. Another approximate relationship also exists between the three rates: It means, by subtracting Inflation Rate from Nominal Interest Rate, the approximate Real Interest Rate can be calculated.
References: Financial Management – Theory & Practice by Eugene F. Brigham, Michael C. Ehrhardt Management of Banking and Financial Services by Padmalatha Suresh & Justin Paul Handouts Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management Lectures on Financial Investment and Portfolio.
Author: Awais Ahmad An efficient and strong Financial System leads to the Economic Development of a nation. A country is said to be economically developed, when it has strong Financial Markets and competent Financial Intermediaries. One of the essential criteria for the assessment of Economic Development is the quality and quantity of assets in a nation at a specific time. These assets can be classified based on their distinct characteristics. Classification of Assets is shown through a diagram chart (Fig.
2): As we are concerned with Financial Markets, we will focus on Financial Assets. Financial Assets: In macro sense, Financial Assets are regulated by the government of an economy. Financial Assets smoothen the trade and transactions of an economy and give the society a standard measure of valuation. Financial Assets also represent the current/future value of physically and intangibly held assets. They show a right on another asset and include Currency Instruments (Cash, Foreign Currency etc.) and Claim Instruments (Debentures, Shares, Deposits, Unit Certificates, Tax Saving Investment etc.) Properties of Financial Assets: The following are the properties of Financial Assets, which distinguish them from Physical and Intangible Assets: 1. Currency: Financial Assets are exchange documents with an attached value.
Their values are dominated in currency units determined by the government of an economy. Divisibility Financial Instruments are divisible into smaller units.
The total value is represented in terms of divisions that can be handled in a trade. The divisibility characteristic of Financial Assets enables all players, small or big, to participate in the market. Convertibility Financial Assets are convertible into any other type of asset.
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This characteristic of convertibility gives flexibility to financial instruments. Financial Instruments need not necessary be converted into another form of Financial Asset; they can also be converted into Physical/Tangible and Intangible Assets. Reversibility This implies that a financial instrument can be exchanged for any other asset and logically, the so formed asset may be transferred back into the original financial instrument. Liquidity Liquidity implies that the present need for other forms of asset prevails over holding the financial instrument. The financial asset can be exchanged for currency with another market participant who does not have immediate cash need, but expects future benefits. Cash Flow The holding of the financial instrument results in a stream of cash flows that are the benefits accruing to the holder of the financial instrument. However, a financial instrument by itself does not create a cash flow.
References: Financial Management – Theory & Practice; 10e, by Eugene F. Brigham & Michael C. Ehrhardt Management of Banking and Financial Services – 2e, by Padmalatha Suresh & Justin Paul. Author: Awais Ahmad The Financial System of any country has two important segments:. Financial Markets 2. Financial Intermediaries 1. Financial Marktes: A Financial Market is a place/system, where Financial Instruments are exchanged.
Such markets enhance the unique characteristics of Financial Instruments (Stocks, Bonds, Mortgages, Auto Loans, and Certificates of Deposits etc.) 2. Financial Intermediaries: Financial Intermediaries create assets out of the surpluses of the economy. They ensure liquidity of savings by surplus units. They also reduce information costs, mitigate and evaluate risk tied to the surplus units. The Prime objective of Financial System is to channel Surpluses arising in the economy through the activities of households, corporate houses and the government into deficit units in the economy, again in the form of households, corporate houses and the government. However, this flow of funds differ between Banking Institutions and Non-banking Financial Institutions in a Financial System. This flow of funds through Financial System, and the difference between the two is shown as in Fig.
1: References: 1. Financial Management – Theory & Practice; 10e by Eugene F. Brigham & Michael C. Management of Banking & Financial Services – 2e by Padmalatha Suresh & Justin Paul.
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